Neurorehabilitation is an emerging and transdisciplinary field that is not only highly demanded in medical science and healthcare, but also a challenging problem in cognitive neurology, neurosignaling theory, neuroinformatics, and brain science. This paper presents findings in basic research on neuroinformatics towards neurorehabilitation by exploring its cognitive and mathematical foundations. It introduces novel theories for neurorehabilitation encompassing neural spike frequency modulation, basic neural circuits, and neurosignaling pathways. It develops diagnostic and assessment technologies for clinic neurorehabilitation such as consciousness status and cognitive memory recovery.